Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Affected versions of Idna are vulnerable to Denial Of Service via the idna.encode(), where a specially crafted argument could lead to significant resource consumption. In version 3.7, this function has been updated to reject such inputs efficiently, minimizing resource use. A practical workaround involves enforcing a maximum domain name length of 253 characters before encoding, as the vulnerability is triggered by unusually large inputs that normal operations wouldn't encounter.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

In lxml before 4.4.0, when writing to file paths that contain the URL escape character '%', the file path could wrongly be mangled by URL unescaping and thus write to a different file or directory.  Code that writes to file paths that are provided by untrusted sources, but that must work with previous versions of lxml, should best either reject paths that contain '%' characters, or otherwise make sure that the path does not contain maliciously injected '%XX' URL hex escapes for paths like '../'.
https://github.com/lxml/lxml/commit/0245aba002f069a0b157282707bdf77418d1b5be

Lxml version 4.6.3 includes a fix for CVE-2021-28957: An XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module versions before 4.6.3. When disabling the safe_attrs_only and forms arguments, the Cleaner class does not remove the formation attribute allowing for JS to bypass the sanitizer. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary JS code on users who interact with incorrectly sanitized HTML.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1888153

Lxml 4.6.2 includes a fix for CVE-2020-27783: A XSS vulnerability was discovered in python-lxml's clean module. The module's parser didn't properly imitate browsers, which caused different behaviors between the sanitizer and the user's page. A remote attacker could exploit this flaw to run arbitrary HTML/JS code.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-41496: Buffer overflow in the array_from_pyobj function of fortranobject.c, which allows attackers to conduct a Denial of Service attacks by carefully constructing an array with negative values. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability; the negative dimensions can only be created by an already privileged user (or internally).
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19000

Numpy 1.22.0 includes a fix for CVE-2021-34141: An incomplete string comparison in the numpy.core component in NumPy before 1.22.0 allows attackers to trigger slightly incorrect copying by constructing specific string objects. 
NOTE: the vendor states that this reported code behavior is "completely harmless."
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18993

Numpy 1.21.0rc1 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33430: A Buffer Overflow vulnerability in the PyArray_NewFromDescr_int function of ctors.c when specifying arrays of large dimensions (over 32) from Python code, which could let a malicious user cause a Denial of Service. 
NOTE: The vendor does not agree this is a vulnerability. In (very limited) circumstances a user may be able provoke the buffer overflow, the user is most likely already privileged to at least provoke denial of service by exhausting memory. Triggering this further requires the use of uncommon API (complicated structured dtypes), which is very unlikely to be available to an unprivileged user.
https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18939

Numpy 1.22.2  includes a fix for CVE-2021-41495: Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability exists in numpy.sort in NumPy in the PyArray_DescrNew function due to missing return-value validation, which allows attackers to conduct DoS attacks by repetitively creating sort arrays. 
NOTE: While correct that validation is missing, an error can only occur due to an exhaustion of memory. If the user can exhaust memory, they are already privileged. Further, it should be practically impossible to construct an attack which can target the memory exhaustion to occur at exactly this place.
NOTE2: The specs we include in this advisory differ from the publicly available on other sources. For example, the advisory posted by the NVD indicate that versions up to and including 1.19.0 are affected. However, research by Safety CLI Cybersecurity confirms that the vulnerability remained unaddressed until version 1.22.2.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Urllib3 1.26.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-33503: When provided with a URL containing many @ characters in the authority component, the authority regular expression exhibits catastrophic backtracking, causing a denial of service if a URL were passed as a parameter or redirected to via an HTTP redirect.
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2q7-5pp4-w6pg

The _encode_invalid_chars function in util/url.py in the urllib3 library 1.25.2 through 1.25.7 for Python allows a denial of service (CPU consumption) because of an inefficient algorithm. The percent_encodings array contains all matches of percent encodings. It is not deduplicated. For a URL of length N, the size of percent_encodings may be up to O(N). The next step (normalize existing percent-encoded bytes) also takes up to O(N) for each step, so the total time is O(N^2). If percent_encodings were deduplicated, the time to compute _encode_invalid_chars would be O(kN), where k is at most 484 ((10+6*2)^2). See: CVE-2020-7212.

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Urllib3 1.25.9 includes a fix for CVE-2020-26137: Urllib3 before 1.25.9 allows CRLF injection if the attacker controls the HTTP request method, as demonstrated by inserting CR and LF control characters in the first argument of putrequest(). NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2020-26116.
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83784
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/1800

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7