** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cookiecutter 2.1.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-24065: Cookiecutter before 2.1.1 is vulnerable to Command Injection via hg argument injection. When calling the cookiecutter function from Python code with the checkout parameter, it is passed to the hg checkout command in a way that additional flags can be set. The additional flags can be used to perform a command injection.

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244

Pillow 10.3.0 introduces a security update addressing CVE-2024-28219 by replacing certain functions with strncpy to prevent buffer overflow issues.

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22816: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 has a buffer over-read during initialization of ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow 9.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22817: PIL.ImageMath.eval in Pillow before 9.0.0 allows evaluation of arbitrary expressions, such as ones that use the Python exec method. A first patch was issued for version 9.0.0 but it did not prevent builtins available to lambda expressions.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.1.html#security

Pillow 9.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-22815: path_getbbox in path.c in Pillow before 9.0.0 improperly initializes ImagePath.Path.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/9.0.0.html#fixed-imagepath-path-array-handling

Pillow before 9.0.1 allows attackers to delete files because spaces in temporary pathnames are mishandled.

Pillow 9.0.0 excludes carriage return in PDF regex to help prevent ReDoS.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5912
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/43b800d933c996226e4d7df00c33fcbe46d97363

Pillow 10.0.1 updates its C dependency 'libwebp' to 1.3.2 to include a fix for a high-risk vulnerability.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.0.1.html

Pillow is affected by an arbitrary code execution vulnerability. If an attacker has control over the keys passed to the environment argument of PIL.ImageMath.eval(), they may be able to execute arbitrary code.
https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/10.2.0.html

Pillow 9.0.0 ensures JpegImagePlugin stops at the end of a truncated file to avoid Denial of Service attacks.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/5921
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4fx9-vc88-q2xc

Pillow is potentially vulnerable to DoS attacks through PIL.ImageFont.ImageFont.getmask(). A decompression bomb check has also been added to the affected function.

Pillow before 9.2.0 performs Improper Handling of Highly Compressed GIF Data (Data Amplification).

Wheel 0.38.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40898: An issue discovered in Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Wheel 0.37.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via attacker controlled input to wheel cli.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential ReDoS (regular expression denial of service) in EmailValidator and URLValidator via a very large number of domain name labels of emails and URLs.

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45116: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1. Due to leveraging the Django Template Language's variable resolution logic, the dictsort template filter was potentially vulnerable to information disclosure, or an unintended method call, if passed a suitably crafted key.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45115: UserAttributeSimilarityValidator incurred significant overhead in evaluating a submitted password that was artificially large in relation to the comparison values. In a situation where access to user registration was unrestricted, this provided a potential vector for a denial-of-service attack.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

A security vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Django, affecting the password reset functionality. The PasswordResetForm class in django.contrib.auth.forms inadvertently allowed attackers to enumerate user email addresses by exploiting unhandled exceptions during the email sending process. This could be done by issuing password reset requests and observing the responses. Django has implemented a fix where these exceptions are now caught and logged using the django.contrib.auth logger, preventing potential information leakage through error responses.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service via django.utils.text.Truncator. The django.utils.text.Truncator chars() and words() methods (when used with html=True) are subject to a potential DoS (denial of service) attack via certain inputs with very long, potentially malformed HTML text. The chars() and words() methods are used to implement the truncatechars_html and truncatewords_html template filters, which are thus also vulnerable. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2019-14232.

Django 4.1.7, 4.0.10 and 3.2.18 include a fix for CVE-2023-24580: Potential denial-of-service vulnerability in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/14/security-releases

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper handling of column aliases containing periods in QuerySet.order_by() when combined with FilteredRelation. The QuerySet.order_by() method fails to properly sanitize column aliases that contain periods when the same alias is used in FilteredRelation via dictionary expansion. 
https://github.com/django/django/commit/90f5b10784ba5bf369caed87640e2b4394ea3314

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential denial-of-service in intcomma template filter when used with very long strings.

Django 3.2.14 and 4.0.6 include a fix for CVE-2022-34265: Potential SQL injection via Trunc(kind) and Extract(lookup_name) arguments.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jul/04/security-releases

A potential denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in Django's urlize() and urlizetrunc() functions in django.utils.html. This vulnerability can be triggered by inputting huge strings containing a specific sequence of characters.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a directory-traversal vulnerability in the Storage.save() method. Derived classes of the django.core.files.storage.Storage base class that overrides the generate_filename() method without replicating the file path validations existing in the parent class could allow for directory traversal via certain inputs when calling save(). This could enable an attacker to manipulate file paths and access unintended directories.

Django addresses a memory exhaustion issue in django.utils.numberformat.floatformat(). When floatformat receives a string representation of a number in scientific notation with a large exponent, it could lead to excessive memory consumption. To prevent this, decimals with more than 200 digits are now returned as-is.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to inefficient string concatenation when processing duplicate HTTP headers in ASGI mode. The ASGIRequest class combines repeated headers using repeated string concatenation, resulting in super-linear (quadratic) time complexity when processing requests with many duplicate headers.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in the django.utils.html.urlize() function. The urlize and urlizetrunc template filters were susceptible to a denial-of-service attack via certain inputs containing many brackets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause significant delays or crashes in the affected application.

An issue was discovered in Django 4.2 before 4.2.21, 5.1 before 5.1.9, and 5.2 before 5.2.1. The django.utils.html.strip_tags() function is vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (slow performance) when processing inputs containing large sequences of incomplete HTML tags. The template filter striptags is also vulnerable, because it is built on top of strip_tags().

In Django 3.2 before 3.2.16, 4.0 before 4.0.8, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, internationalized URLs were subject to a potential denial of service attack via the locale parameter, which is treated as a regular expression.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential regular expression denial-of-service (REDoS). django.utils.text.Truncator.words() method (with html=True) and truncatewords_html template filter were subject to a potential regular expression denial-of-service attack using a suitably crafted string (follow up to CVE-2019-14232 and CVE-2023-43665).

Django 2.2.26, 3.2.11 and 4.0.1 include a fix for CVE-2021-45452: Storage.save in Django 2.2 before 2.2.26, 3.2 before 3.2.11, and 4.0 before 4.0.1 allows directory traversal if crafted filenames are directly passed to it.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/jan/04/security-releases/

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) attack in the `django.utils.html.strip_tags()` method. The vulnerability occurs when the `strip_tags()` method or the `striptags` template filter processes inputs containing large sequences of nested, incomplete HTML entities.

The {% debug %} template tag in Django 2.2 before 2.2.27, 3.2 before 3.2.12, and 4.0 before 4.0.2 does not properly encode the current context. This may lead to XSS.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.3, 5.1 before 5.1.11, and 4.2 before 4.2.23. Internal HTTP response logging does not escape request.path, which allows remote attackers to potentially manipulate log output via crafted URLs. This may lead to log injection or forgery when logs are viewed in terminals or processed by external systems.

Affected versions of Django has a potential SQL injection vulnerability in the QuerySet.values() and QuerySet.values_list() methods. When used on models with a JSONField, these methods are susceptible to SQL injection through column aliases if a crafted JSON object key is passed as an argument.

Affected versions of Django are affected by a username enumeration vulnerability caused by timing differences in the django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend.authenticate() method. This method allowed remote attackers to enumerate users through a timing attack involving login requests for users with unusable passwords. The timing difference in the authentication process exposed whether a username was valid or not, potentially aiding attackers in gaining unauthorized access.

Affected versions of the `django` package are vulnerable to Download of Code Without Integrity Check due to improper handling of user-supplied input in the HTTP FileResponse class. The vulnerability arises because the Content-Disposition header of a FileResponse can be set using a filename derived from user input without sufficient validation. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a request that causes a file with malicious content to be downloaded, potentially executing arbitrary code on the client system when the file is opened.

Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to insufficient input sanitization in FilteredRelation column aliases. The FilteredRelation class fails to properly validate or escape column alias names when they are provided through dictionary expansion as keyword arguments to QuerySet.annotate() or QuerySet.alias() methods, allowing malicious SQL code to be injected directly into the generated database queries.

Django has a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in django.utils.html.urlize() and AdminURLFieldWidget. The urlize and urlizetrunc functions, along with AdminURLFieldWidget, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks when handling inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters.

Affected versions of Django are vulnerable to potential Denial of Service via certain inputs with a very large number of Unicode characters in django.utils.encoding.uri_to_iri().

Django affected versions are vulnerable to a potential SQL injection in the HasKey(lhs, rhs) lookup on Oracle databases. The vulnerability arises when untrusted data is directly used as the lhs value in the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup. However, applications using the jsonfield.has_key lookup with the __ syntax remain unaffected by this issue.

Django 4.2.1, 4.1.9 and 3.2.19 include a fix for CVE-2023-31047: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.19, 4.x before 4.1.9, and 4.2 before 4.2.1, it was possible to bypass validation when using one form field to upload multiple files. This multiple upload has never been supported by forms.FileField or forms.ImageField (only the last uploaded file was validated). However, Django's "Uploading multiple files" documentation suggested otherwise.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/may/03/security-releases

Django 2.2.27, 3.2.12 and 4.0.2 include a fix for CVE-2022-23833: Denial-of-service possibility in file uploads.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/feb/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28346: An issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and extra() methods are subject to SQL injection in column aliases via a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the passed **kwargs.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

CVE-2025-64458: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to slow Unicode NFKC normalization on Windows being applied to untrusted inputs. The django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView and django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView, and django.views.i18n.set_language normalize user-controlled strings using Python’s NFKC algorithm, which is unusually slow on Windows for huge Unicode sequences and can be triggered to consume excessive CPU.

Django fixes a potential denial-of-service vulnerability in XML ``Deserializer``.

Django 4.2.7, 4.1.13 and 3.2.23 include a fix for CVE-2023-46695: Potential denial of service vulnerability in UsernameField on Windows.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/nov/01/security-releases

Django 2.2.28, 3.2.13 and 4.0.4 include a fix for CVE-2022-28347: A SQL injection issue was discovered in QuerySet.explain() in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. This occurs by passing a crafted dictionary (with dictionary expansion) as the **options argument, and placing the injection payload in an option name.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2022/apr/11/security-releases

Django 3.2.17, 4.0.9 and 4.1.6 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23969: In Django 3.2 before 3.2.17, 4.0 before 4.0.9, and 4.1 before 4.1.6, the parsed values of Accept-Language headers are cached in order to avoid repetitive parsing. This leads to a potential denial-of-service vector via excessive memory usage if the raw value of Accept-Language headers is very large.
https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/feb/01/security-releases

CVE-2025-64459: Affected versions of the Django package are vulnerable to SQL Injection due to improper input validation, allowing the internal _connector keyword argument to be accepted from untrusted dictionaries via expansion. The .filter(), .exclude(), and .get() methods on QuerySet, as well as the Q class, resolve **kwargs and will treat a supplied _connector value as the logical connector without constraining it to the expected set (AND/OR), permitting attacker-controlled tokens to influence SQL predicate construction.

Django fixes potential SQL injection in ``FilteredRelation`` column aliases on PostgreSQL.

Future 0.18.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted Set-Cookie header from malicious web server.
https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/backports/http/cookiejar.py#L215
https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/17157

Hiredis (python wrapper for hiredis) 2.1.0 supports hiredis 1.1.0, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/redis/hiredis-py/pull/135

Affected versions of the sqlparse package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing hard limits on token grouping recursion depth and token processing when formatting very large SQL tuple lists. During sqlparse.format() processing, the sqlparse.engine.grouping._group_matching() and sqlparse.engine.grouping._group() functions can recurse and iterate over excessively large tlist.tokens without enforcing MAX_GROUPING_DEPTH or MAX_GROUPING_TOKENS, allowing grouping work to grow until it effectively hangs.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to Algorithmic Complexity. The SQL parser fails to enforce limits when processing deeply nested tuples and large token sequences, leading to excessive resource consumption through crafted SQL statements with extreme nesting depth or token counts.

**Note:** This issue is due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-4340.

Sqlparse 0.5.0 addresses a potential denial of service (DoS) vulnerability related to recursion errors in deeply nested SQL statements. To mitigate this issue, the update replaces recursion errors with a general SQLParseError, improving the resilience and stability of the parsing process.

Sqlparse 0.4.4 includes a fix for CVE-2023-30608: Parser contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to ReDOS (Regular Expression Denial of Service).
https://github.com/andialbrecht/sqlparse/security/advisories/GHSA-rrm6-wvj7-cwh2

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to redirect handling that drains connections by decompressing redirect response bodies without enforcing streaming read limits. The issue occurs when using urllib3’s streaming mode (for example, preload_content=False) while allowing redirects, because urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.drain_conn() would call HTTPResponse.read() in a way that decoded/decompressed the entire redirect response body even before any streaming reads were performed, effectively bypassing decompression-bomb safeguards.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of highly compressed HTTP response bodies during streaming decompression. The urllib3.HTTPResponse methods stream(), read(), read1(), read_chunked(), and readinto() may fully decompress a minimal but highly compressed payload based on the Content-Encoding header into an internal buffer instead of limiting the decompressed output to the requested chunk size, causing excessive CPU usage and massive memory allocation on the client side.

Affected versions of the urllib3 package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to allowing an unbounded number of content-encoding decompression steps for HTTP responses. The HTTPResponse content decoding pipeline in urllib3 follows the Content-Encoding header and applies each advertised compression algorithm in sequence without enforcing a maximum chain length or effective output size, so a malicious peer can send a response with a very long encoding chain that triggers excessive CPU use and massive memory allocation during decompression.

Urllib3's ProxyManager ensures that the Proxy-Authorization header is correctly directed only to configured proxies. However, when HTTP requests bypass urllib3's proxy support, there's a risk of inadvertently setting the Proxy-Authorization header, which remains ineffective without a forwarding or tunneling proxy. Urllib3 does not recognize this header as carrying authentication data, failing to remove it during cross-origin redirects. While this scenario is uncommon and poses low risk to most users, urllib3 now proactively removes the Proxy-Authorization header during cross-origin redirects as a precautionary measure. Users are advised to utilize urllib3's proxy support or disable automatic redirects to handle the Proxy-Authorization header securely. Despite these precautions, urllib3 defaults to stripping the header to safeguard users who may inadvertently misconfigure requests.

Urllib3 1.26.17 and 2.0.5 include a fix for CVE-2023-43804: Urllib3 doesn't treat the 'Cookie' HTTP header special or provide any helpers for managing cookies over HTTP, that is the responsibility of the user. However, it is possible for a user to specify a 'Cookie' header and unknowingly leak information via HTTP redirects to a different origin if that user doesn't disable redirects explicitly.
https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-v845-jxx5-vc9f

Affected versions of urllib3 are vulnerable to an HTTP redirect handling vulnerability that fails to remove the HTTP request body when a POST changes to a GET via 301, 302, or 303 responses. This flaw can expose sensitive request data if the origin service is compromised and redirects to a malicious endpoint, though exploitability is low when no sensitive data is used. The vulnerability affects automatic redirect behavior. It is fixed in versions 1.26.18 and 2.0.7; update or disable redirects using redirects=False.
This vulnerability is specific to Python's urllib3 library.

urllib3 is a user-friendly HTTP client library for Python. Prior to 2.5.0, it is possible to disable redirects for all requests by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects. By default, requests and botocore users are not affected. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable. This issue has been patched in version 2.5.0.

Wagtail 4.1.9, 5.0.5 and 5.1.3 include a fix for CVE-2023-45809: A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin can make a direct URL request to the admin view that handles bulk actions on user accounts. While authentication rules prevent the user from making any changes, the error message discloses the display names of user accounts, and by modifying URL parameters, the user can retrieve the display name for any user. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-fc75-58r8-rm3h

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Improper Access Control due to a missing permission check on the admin preview endpoints. When a logged-in Wagtail admin user submits crafted form data to the preview endpoints for models with previews enabled, Wagtail renders a preview without verifying that the user has edit access to the underlying page, snippet, or site setting model.

Wagtail 5.0.4 and 4.1.8 update its requirement 'pillow' spec to '>=6.0.0,<11.0.0' to include a security fix.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/1ea8a0e3603c8cccbaba03f75b706955d531c999

Wagtail addresses a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) vulnerability in search query parsing. A bug in Wagtail's 'parse_query_string' would result in it taking a long time to process suitably crafted inputs. When used to parse sufficiently long strings of characters without a space, 'parse_query_string' would take an unexpectedly large amount of time to process, resulting in a denial of service. In an initial Wagtail installation, the vulnerability can be exploited by any Wagtail admin user. It cannot be exploited by end users. If your Wagtail site has a custom search implementation which uses 'parse_query_string', it may be exploitable by other users (e.g. unauthenticated users).

Wagtail 2.15.2 includes a fix for CVE-2022-21683: When notifications for new replies in comment threads are sent, they are sent to all users who have replied or commented anywhere on the site, rather than only in the relevant threads. This means that a user could listen in to new comment replies on pages they have not have editing access to, as long as they have left a comment or reply somewhere on the site. A patched version has been released as Wagtail 2.15.2, which restores the intended behaviour - to send notifications for new replies to the participants in the active thread only (editing permissions are not considered). New comments can be disabled by setting 'WAGTAILADMIN_COMMENTS_ENABLED = False' in the Django settings file.
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-xqxm-2rpm-3889

Affected versions of the wagtail package are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) due to improper escaping of user-supplied page titles in translation confirmation messages. In the wagtail.contrib.simple_translation module, the admin “Translate” workflow renders a confirmation message that includes a page title without correctly neutralizing HTML/JavaScript content, allowing stored script payloads to be emitted to other admin users.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release includes a fix for a race condition that could cause uniqueness errors when inserting reference index entries. This issue was addressed by ignoring conflicts during these insert operations. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/4219488a3ce93642781e5be2eda938718380d40d

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28836: Starting in version 1.5 and prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on ModelAdmin views within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft pages and documents that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin, and only affects sites with ModelAdmin enabled. For page, the vulnerability is in the "Choose a parent page" ModelAdmin view ('ChooseParentView'), available when managing pages via ModelAdmin. For documents, the vulnerability is in the ModelAdmin Inspect view ('InspectView') when displaying document fields. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2. Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable or override the corresponding functionality.

The Wagtail 5.2rc1 release addresses a race condition issue that could occur when two processes load the edit view of a page without a subscription. This situation could lead to an integrity error. The fix implemented uses the get_or_create method for editor page subscriptions, which ensures that a subscription exists before creating one if it doesn't exist already. 
https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/7131a855326b385c04c1e35cef677c25ea1bbc4f

Wagtail 4.1.4 and 4.2.2 include a fix for CVE-2023-28837: Prior to versions 4.1.4 and 4.2.2, a memory exhaustion bug exists in Wagtail's handling of uploaded images and documents. For both images and documents, files are loaded into memory during upload for additional processing. A user with access to upload images or documents through the Wagtail admin interface could upload a file so large that it results in a crash of denial of service. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin. It can only be exploited by admin users with permission to upload images or documents. Image uploads are restricted to 10MB by default, however this validation only happens on the frontend and on the backend after the vulnerable code. Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 4.1.4 and Wagtail 4.2.2). Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions are encouraged to add extra protections outside of Wagtail to limit the size of uploaded files.

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. The debugger in affected versions of Werkzeug can allow an attacker to execute code on a developer's machine under some circumstances. This requires the attacker to get the developer to interact with a domain and subdomain they control, and enter the debugger PIN, but if they are successful it allows access to the debugger even if it is only running on localhost. This also requires the attacker to guess a URL in the developer's application that will trigger the debugger.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in the safe_join function. In Werkzeug versions before 3.1.4, safe_join permits path segments such as “CON” or “AUX” to pass validation, allowing send_from_directory to construct a path that resolves to a Windows device file, which opens successfully but then blocks indefinitely when read.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are vulnerable to Path Traversal (CWE-22) on Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11. The safe_join() function failed to properly detect certain absolute paths on Windows, allowing attackers to potentially access files outside the intended directory. An attacker could craft special paths starting with "/" that bypass the directory restrictions on Windows systems. The vulnerability exists in the safe_join() function which relied solely on os.path.isabs() for path validation. This is exploitable on Windows systems by passing paths starting with "/" to safe_join(). To remediate, upgrade to the latest version which includes additional path validation checks. 
NOTE: This vulnerability specifically affects Windows systems running Python versions below 3.11 where ntpath.isabs() behavior differs.

Werkzeug 2.2.3 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23934: Browsers may allow "nameless" cookies that look like '=value' instead of 'key=value'. A vulnerable browser may allow a compromised application on an adjacent subdomain to exploit this to set a cookie like '=__Host-test=bad' for another subdomain. Werkzeug prior to 2.2.3 will parse the cookie '=__Host-test=bad' as __Host-test=bad'. If a Werkzeug application is running next to a vulnerable or malicious subdomain which sets such a cookie using a vulnerable browser, the Werkzeug application will see the bad cookie value but the valid cookie key.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-px8h-6qxv-m22q

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. If an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests.

Affected versions of Werkzeug are potentially vulnerable to resource exhaustion when parsing file data in forms. Applications using 'werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser' to parse 'multipart/form-data' requests (e.g. all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds.

Werkzeug 3.0.1 and 2.3.8 include a security fix: Slow multipart parsing for large parts potentially enabling DoS attacks.
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/b1916c0c083e0be1c9d887ee2f3d696922bfc5c1

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to improper handling of Windows special device names in path joining logic. The safe_join() function fails to reject device-name path segments when they are preceded by other segments (for example, example/NUL), and send_from_directory() relies on safe_join() when resolving user-supplied file paths.

Affected versions of the Werkzeug package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names due to incomplete validation of Windows reserved device names in user-controlled path segments. In werkzeug.security.safe_join, path components ending with special device names (for example CON or AUX) are not reliably rejected when they include compound extensions (for example CON.txt.html) or trailing spaces, and werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory relies on safe_join when resolving a requested filename.

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Markdown2 including 2.4.9 and all the previous versions are vulnerable to ReDoS attacks.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494

Markdown2 before 2.4.11 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) due to an insecure regex pattern causing catastrophic backtracking, significantly impairing performance. This vulnerability manifests in how the regex engine evaluates input, potentially allowing an attacker to trigger excessive CPU consumption through specially crafted inputs, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). In severe cases, input strings with repeating characters can cause the regex engine to take an exponentially large number of steps to validate the string, effectively incapacitating the service.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/494/commits/1fc52011bbdee6e0b301eaceb6c11fd861f25c4a

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/473

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — CWE-79 — through image URL injection. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the _do_link_patterns method within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes image URLs. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing malicious image URLs. Exploitation difficulty is low, requiring only control over the markdown input.

Markdown2 before 2.4.1 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack through the _do_headers function. This vulnerability arises because of the way the package processes certain regular expressions, which can be exploited to cause a significant increase in processing time. In essence, when markdown2 encounters specific patterns in input data, the parsing engine may enter a state of "catastrophic backtracking," leading to a consumption of an inordinate amount of CPU resources. This behavior can be leveraged to make the system unresponsive, effectively denying service to legitimate users. This issue highlights the potential for specially crafted inputs to induce a denial of service condition by exploiting the inefficiency of regular expression evaluation.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/d6a56f4d438a74234f795a5a2b9b749342b3c362

Markdown2 2.4.3 includes a fix for a ReDoS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/429

Markdown2 2.4.4 includes a fix for an XSS vulnerability.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/pull/434

Affected versions of markdown2 are vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): CWE-79. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into rendered markdown content, even when safe mode is enabled. The issue occurs in the HTML tag parsing regular expression within the Markdown class in lib/markdown2.py, which insufficiently sanitizes attribute values. An attacker can exploit this by crafting specially formatted markdown input containing HTML tags with malicious attributes. Exploitation difficulty is low, only requiring control of the markdown input.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to Cross‑site Scripting (XSS) in safe_mode due to improper handling of incomplete HTML tags. The _encode_incomplete_tags() function fails to properly check for auto links, allowing unescaped incomplete tags to pass through and be rendered. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing incomplete tags with malicious attributes (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert("xss")//>), resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution in the rendered HTML.

Affected versions of the python‑markdown2 package are vulnerable to a potential Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). The _sorta_html_tokenize_re regex used in the HTML tokenizer fails to properly constrain quoted attribute values (".*?"), leading to catastrophic backtracking and excessive CPU consumption when processing inputs with nested or repeated incomplete tags. A remote unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by submitting markdown containing repeated <p m="1" tags followed by spaces (e.g., <p m="1"<p m="1"…), resulting in application hang or Denial of Service due to excessive processing time

Markdown2 before 2.4.2 is susceptible to a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack, specifically through its auto-linking URL feature. This vulnerability stems from the way regular expressions are processed. In essence, an attacker can introduce specially crafted inputs that cause the markdown2 processing engine to consume an excessive amount of CPU time, potentially leading to a denial of service. This attack leverages the phenomenon known as catastrophic backtracking, where the number of steps required to validate an input string increases exponentially with the input size, severely degrading performance and potentially rendering the service unavailable.
https://github.com/trentm/python-markdown2/commit/66da6ed5f5ce7ada94d5c7c8c02448742b847ddd

Pygments 2.15.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-40896: The regular expressions used when parsing Smithy, SQL/SQL+Jinja, and Java properties files were discovered to be vulnerable. As a result, pygmentizing a maliciously-crafted file of these kinds would have resulted in high resources consumption or crashing of the application.
https://pyup.io/posts/pyup-discovers-redos-vulnerabilities-in-top-python-packages-part-2

Requests is an HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.

Affected versions of Requests are vulnerable to proxy credential leakage. When redirected to an HTTPS endpoint, the Proxy-Authorization header is forwarded to the destination server due to the use of rebuild_proxies to reattach the header. This may allow a malicious actor to exfiltrate sensitive information.

Affected versions of the requests package are vulnerable to Insecure Temporary File reuse due to predictable temporary filename generation in extract_zipped_paths(). The requests.utils.extract_zipped_paths() utility extracts files from zip archives into the system temporary directory using a deterministic path, and if that file already exists, the function reuses it without validating that it is the expected extracted content.

Affected versions of Requests, when making requests through a Requests `Session`, if the first request is made with `verify=False` to disable cert verification, all subsequent requests to the same host will continue to ignore cert verification regardless of changes to the value of `verify`. This behavior will continue for the lifecycle of the connection in the connection pool. Requests 2.32.0 fixes the issue, but versions 2.32.0 and 2.32.1 were yanked due to conflicts with CVE-2024-35195 mitigation.

Affected versions of Sentry's Python SDK are vulnerable to unintentional exposure of environment variables to subprocesses despite the env={} setting. In Python's 'subprocess' calls, all environment variables are passed to subprocesses by default. However, if you specifically do not want them to be passed to subprocesses, you may use 'env' argument in 'subprocess' calls. Due to the bug in Sentry SDK, with the Stdlib integration enabled (which is enabled by default), this expectation is not fulfilled, and all environment variables are being passed to subprocesses instead. 
As a workaround, and if passing environment variables to child processes poses a security risk for you, you can disable all default integrations.

Sentry-sdk 1.14.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-28117: When using the Django integration of versions prior to 1.14.0 of the Sentry SDK in a specific configuration it is possible to leak sensitive cookies values, including the session cookie to Sentry. These sensitive cookies could then be used by someone with access to your Sentry issues to impersonate or escalate their privileges within your application. In order for these sensitive values to be leaked, the Sentry SDK configuration must have 'sendDefaultPII' set to 'True'; one must use a custom name for either 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' or 'CSRF_COOKIE_NAME' in one's Django settings; and one must not be configured in one's organization or project settings to use Sentry's data scrubbing features to account for the custom cookie names. As of version 1.14.0, the Django integration of the 'sentry-sdk' will detect the custom cookie names based on one's Django settings and will remove the values from the payload before sending the data to Sentry. As a workaround, use the SDK's filtering mechanism to remove the cookies from the payload that is sent to Sentry. For error events, this can be done with the 'before_send' callback method and for performance related events (transactions) one can use the 'before_send_transaction' callback method. Those who want to handle filtering of these values on the server-side can also use Sentry's advanced data scrubbing feature to account for the custom cookie names. Look for the '$http.cookies', '$http.headers', '$request.cookies', or '$request.headers' fields to target with a scrubbing rule.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/security/advisories/GHSA-29pr-6jr8-q5jm

Sentry-sdk 1.4.1 includes a fix for a Race Condition vulnerability.
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/1203

Certifi 2022.12.07 includes a fix for CVE-2022-23491: Certifi 2022.12.07 removes root certificates from "TrustCor" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store. TrustCor's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation prompted by media reporting that TrustCor's ownership also operated a business that produced spyware. Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found in the linked google group discussion.

Certifi 2023.07.22 includes a fix for CVE-2023-37920: Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-xqr8-7jwr-rhp7

Cookiecutter 2.1.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-24065: Cookiecutter before 2.1.1 is vulnerable to Command Injection via hg argument injection. When calling the cookiecutter function from Python code with the checkout parameter, it is passed to the hg checkout command in a way that additional flags can be set. The additional flags can be used to perform a command injection.

Cryptography 41.0.4 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.3, that includes a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/fc11bce6930e591ce26a2317b31b9ce2b3e25512

Cryptography starting from version 42.0.0 updates its CI configurations to use newer versions of BoringSSL or OpenSSL as a countermeasure to CVE-2023-5678. This vulnerability, affecting the package, could cause Denial of Service through specific DH key generation and verification functions when given overly long parameters.

Cryptography version 42.0.5 introduces a limit on the number of name constraint checks during X.509 path validation to prevent denial of service attacks.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/4be53bf20cc90cbac01f5f94c5d1aecc5289ba1f

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-3996, a DoS vulnerability affecting openssl.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/7940

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/b22271cf3c3dd8dc8978f8f4b00b5c7060b6538d
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230731.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Affected versions of Cryptography may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Affected versions of Cryptography are vulnerable to NULL-dereference when loading PKCS7 certificates. Calling 'load_pem_pkcs7_certificates' or 'load_der_pkcs7_certificates' could lead to a NULL-pointer dereference and segfault. Exploitation of this vulnerability poses a serious risk of Denial of Service (DoS) for any application attempting to deserialize a PKCS7 blob/certificate. The consequences extend to potential disruptions in system availability and stability.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to missing prime-order subgroup validation for SECT elliptic-curve points. The public_key_from_numbers, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and load_pem_public_key() entry points accept attacker-supplied public keys without verifying that the provided point lies in the expected prime-order subgroup, enabling small-subgroup points to pass as valid.

Cryptography 41.0.5 updates Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.1.4, that includes a security fix.

The `cryptography` library has updated its BoringSSL and OpenSSL dependencies in CI due to a security concern. Specifically, the issue involves the functions `EVP_PKEY_param_check()` and `EVP_PKEY_public_check()`, which are used to check DSA public keys or parameters. These functions can experience significant delays when processing excessively long DSA keys or parameters, potentially leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) if the input is from an untrusted source. The vulnerability arises because the key and parameter check functions do not limit the modulus size during checks, despite OpenSSL not allowing public keys with a modulus over 10,000 bits for signature verification. This issue affects applications that directly call these functions and the OpenSSL `pkey` and `pkeyparam` command-line applications with the `-check` option. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not impacted, but the OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are affected by this vulnerability.

Cryptography 41.0.3  updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for CVE-2023-2975: AES-SIV implementation ignores empty associated data entries.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230714.txt

The cryptography library has updated its OpenSSL dependency in CI due to security concerns. This vulnerability arises when processing maliciously formatted PKCS12 files, which can cause OpenSSL to crash, leading to a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. PKCS12 files, often containing certificates and keys, may come from untrusted sources. The PKCS12 specification allows certain fields to be NULL, but OpenSSL does not correctly handle these cases, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference and subsequent crash. Applications using OpenSSL APIs, such as PKCS12_parse(), PKCS12_unpack_p7data(), PKCS12_unpack_p7encdata(), PKCS12_unpack_authsafes(), and PKCS12_newpass(), are vulnerable if they process PKCS12 files from untrusted sources. Although a similar issue in SMIME_write_PKCS7() was fixed, it is not considered significant for security as it pertains to data writing. This issue does not affect the FIPS modules in versions 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0.

Cryptography 41.0.3 updates its bundled OpenSSL version to include a fix for a Denial of Service vulnerability.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/bfa4d95f0f356f2d535efd5c775e0fb3efe90ef2
https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv/20230719.txt

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

Cryptography 39.0.1 includes a fix for CVE-2023-23931: In affected versions 'Cipher.update_into' would accept Python objects which implement the buffer protocol, but provide only immutable buffers. This would allow immutable objects (such as 'bytes') to be mutated, thus violating fundamental rules of Python and resulting in corrupted output. This issue has been present since 'update_into' was originally introduced in cryptography 1.8.

Affected versions of the cryptography package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation due to incomplete enforcement of DNS name constraints on peer names. The certificate validation logic applied DNS name constraints only to Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries in child certificates, but did not apply the same checks to the peer name presented during validation, which allowed a mismatch between wildcard certificate matching and excluded subtree constraints.

Cryptography 41.0.0 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.1.1 to include a security fix.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/commit/8708245ccdeaff21d65eea68a4f8d2a7c5949a22

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

The cryptography package before 41.0.2 for Python mishandles SSH certificates that have critical options.

Cryptography 39.0.1 updates its dependency 'OpenSSL' to v3.0.8 to include security fixes.
https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/8229

** DISPUTED ** Py throughout 1.11.0 allows remote attackers to conduct a ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service) attack via a Subversion repository with crafted info data because the InfoSvnCommand argument is mishandled.
https://github.com/pytest-dev/py/issues/287

Affected versions of the lxml package are vulnerable to XML External Entity Injection due to insecure default parser configuration that resolves external entities. The iterparse() function and the ETCompatXMLParser() class both default to resolve_entities=True, so untrusted XML input processed through either parser will expand external entity references and read referenced local files from the host. An attacker who supplies a crafted XML document to an application using these parsers in their default configuration can read sensitive local files and exfiltrate their contents through the parsed output.

Lxml 4.9.1 includes a fix for CVE-2022-2309: NULL Pointer Dereference allows attackers to cause a denial of service (or application crash). This only applies when lxml is used together with libxml2 2.9.10 through 2.9.14. libxml2 2.9.9 and earlier are not affected. It allows triggering crashes through forged input data, given a vulnerable code sequence in the application. The vulnerability is caused by the iterwalk function (also used by the canonicalize function). Such code shouldn't be in wide-spread use, given that parsing + iterwalk would usually be replaced with the more efficient iterparse function. However, an XML converter that serialises to C14N would also be vulnerable, for example, and there are legitimate use cases for this code sequence. If untrusted input is received (also remotely) and processed via iterwalk function, a crash can be triggered.

Lxml 4.6.5 includes a fix for CVE-2021-43818: Prior to version 4.6.5, the HTML Cleaner in lxml.html lets certain crafted script content pass through, as well as script content in SVG files embedded using data URIs. Users that employ the HTML cleaner in a security relevant context should upgrade to lxml 4.6.5 to receive a patch.

Click 8.0.0 uses 'mkstemp()' instead of the deprecated & insecure 'mktemp()'.
https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/1752

PyJWT 2.4.0 includes a fix for CVE-2022-29217: An attacker submitting the JWT token can choose the used signing algorithm. The PyJWT library requires that the application chooses what algorithms are supported. The application can specify 'jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' to get support for all algorithms, or specify a single algorithm. The issue is not that big as 'algorithms=jwt.algorithms.get_default_algorithms()' has to be used. As a workaround, always be explicit with the algorithms that are accepted and expected when decoding.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity. The library does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter as required by RFC 7515 §4.1.11 — when a JWT contains a `crit` array listing extensions that the library does not understand, the token is accepted instead of rejected. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting JWTs with unknown critical extensions (e.g., MFA requirements, token binding, scope restrictions) that are silently ignored, potentially bypassing security policies or causing split-brain verification in mixed-library deployments where other RFC-compliant libraries would reject the same token.

Pillow 10.0.0 includes a fix for CVE-2023-44271: Denial of Service that uncontrollably allocates memory to process a given task, potentially causing a service to crash by having it run out of memory. This occurs for truetype in ImageFont when textlength in an ImageDraw instance operates on a long text argument.
https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/7244