Astropy

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6.0.0

==========================

New Features
------------

astropy.config
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The new ``ConfigNamespace.help()`` method provides a convenient way to get
information about configuration items. [13499]

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Support has been added to create geodetic representations not just for existing ellipsoids
from ERFA, but also with explicitly provided values, by defining a subclass of
``BaseGeodeticRepresentation`` with the equatorial radius and flattening assigned to
``_equatorial_radius`` and ``_flattening`` attributes. [14763]

- Add ``BaseBodycentricRepresentation``, a new spheroidal representation for bodycentric
latitudes and longitudes. [14851]

- Support Numpy broadcasting over frame data and attributes. [15121]

astropy.cosmology
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Registered a ``latex`` writer for exporting a Cosmology object to a LaTex table. [14701]

- Added argument ``rename`` to Cosmology's I/O, allowing for input and output symbols to
be renamed. [14780]

- All non-abstract Cosmology subclasses are now automatically registered to work with
Astropy's YAML serialization. [14979]

- Cosmology I/O now auto-identifies the '.tex' suffix with the 'ascii.latex' format. [15088]

- The ``Cosmology`` class now has a new property to access the parameters of the
cosmology: ``.parameters``. This property return a read-only dictionary of all the
non-derived parameter values on the cosmology object. When accessed from the class (not
an instance) the dictionary contains ``Parameter`` instances, not the values. [15168]

- The field ``default`` has been added to ``Parameter``. This can be used to introspect
the default value of a parameter on a cosmology class e.g. ``LambdaCDM.H0.default``. [15400]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add new option ``decompress_in_memory`` to ``fits.open``, to decompress the
whole file in memory at once, instead of decompressing the file progressively
as data is needed. Default behavior is better for memory usage but sometimes
slow, especially for files with many small HDUs. [15501]

astropy.io.votable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add support for Parquet serialization of VOTables. Writing of this
serialization is available with using the new ``'votable.parquet'`` format. [15281]

- Added MIVOT feature through the ``MivotBlock`` class
that allows model annotations reading and writing in VOTable. [15390]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Added a ``GeneralSersic2D`` model that can have "boxy" or "disky"
isophotes. [15545]

astropy.nddata
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- A more flexible and/or compact string representation is now available for
``NDData`` objects which visually indicates masked entries, and provides for
better for dask array support. [14438]

astropy.table
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The new ``Row.get()`` method, analogous to ``dict.get()``, returns the value of
the specified column from the row if the column present, otherwise it returns a
fallback value, which by default is ``None``. [14878]

astropy.time
^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Masked ``Time`` instances now use astropy's own ``Masked`` class internally.
This means that ``Masked`` input is now properly recognized, and that masks
get propagated also to ``Quantity`` output (such as from a ``TimeDelta``
converted to a unit of time), creating ``MaskedQuantity`` instances. [15231]

- Added a ``TimeDelta`` format ``quantity_str`` that represents the time delta as a string
with one or more ``Quantity`` components. This format provides a human-readable
multi-scale string representation of a time delta. The default output sub-format is not
considered stable in this release, please see https://github.com/astropy/astropy/issues/15485
for more information. [15264]

astropy.uncertainty
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Uncertainty ``Distribution`` now support structured data types, and as
a result it now works also with ``EarthLocation``. [15304]

- Uncertainty ``Distribution`` can now be used inside representations, which
also allows basic support in ``SkyCoord``. While most calculations work, there
are remaining issues. For instance, the ``repr`` does not show that the
coordinates are distributions. [15395]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add support for gc2gde and gd2gce erfa functions to allow geodetic representations
using equatorial radius and flattening. [14729]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The ``astropy.utils.metadata.MetaData`` default dictionary can now be
set with the ``default_factory`` keyword argument. [15265]

- ``astropy.utils.decorators.deprecated`` now adds the ``__deprecated__`` attribute to
the objects it wraps, following the practice in https://peps.python.org/pep-0702/. [#15310]

astropy.visualization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add ``WCSAxes.text_coord`` method to print text using ``SkyCoord`` objects
parallel to plotting data points with ``WCSAxes.plot_coord``. [14661]

astropy.wcs
^^^^^^^^^^^

- Support WCS descriptions of basic planetary coordinate frames. [14820]

- Updated bundled WCSLIB version to 8.1. This update adds support planetary keywords ``A_RADIUS``, ``B_RADIUS``, ``C_RADIUS``, ``BLON_OBS``, ``BLAT_OBS``, and ``BDIS_OBS`` in ``auxprm`` and adds ``wcsprm::time`` to the ``wcsprm`` struct to record the ``TIME`` axis. This update also includes several bug fixes. For a full list of changes - see http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/mcalabre/WCS/CHANGES [#15035]


API Changes
-----------

astropy.config
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated ``ConfigurationMissingWarning`` class and ``update_default_config`` function;
There are no replacements as they should no be used anymore. [15466]

astropy.convolution
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Invalid kernel arithmetic operations now raise a ``KernelArithmeticError`` instead of a
bare ``Exception``. [14728]

- Added base ``KernelError`` error class and removed ``DiscretizationError`` error class (a ``ValueError`` will be raised instead). [14732]

- ``discretize_model`` will now raise a ``ValueError`` if
``mode='oversample'`` and ``factor`` does not have an integer value. [14794]

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated angle parsing and formatting utilities from ``angle_utilities``.
Use the functions from ``angle_formats`` instead. [14675]

- The deprecated functionality of initializing ``Angle`` or ``Longitude`` from a
``tuple`` is no longer supported. [15205]

- Angle-related classes and functions have been moved within ``astropy.coordinates``.
There is no change to public API as everything moved should still be imported from
``astropy.coordinates``, not a sub-module. If you are using private API, try importing
from ``astropy.coordinates`` instead. If you need something that has been moved and is
not available in ``astropy.coordinates``, please open an issue on the Astropy issue
tracker. [15220]

- It is no longer possible to pass frame classes to the ``transform_to()`` method
of a low-level coordinate-frame class. It is still possible to pass frame
instances. The ``transform_to()`` method of the high-level ``SkyCoord`` class
is unaffected. [15500]

astropy.cosmology
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed support of importing private constants and functions from ``astropy.cosmology.flrw``. [14672]

- Removed deprecated Cosmology Parameter argument ``fmt``. [14673]

- Removed deprecated ``vectorize_if_needed`` and ``inf_like`` from ``cosmology.utils``. [14677]

- Removed deprecated import paths from ``astropy.cosmology.core``. [14782]

- Cosmology ``Parameter`` is now a ``dataclass``, and can work with all of Python's dataclasses
machinery, like field introspection and type conversion. [14874]

- A new property -- ``scale_factor0`` -- has been added to Cosmology objects.
This is the scale factor at redshift 0, and is defined to be 1.0. [14931]

- Added registration label ``ascii.latex`` to Cosmology IO. [14938]

- The private module ``astropy.cosmology.utils`` has been deprecated. [14980]

- Removed deprecated ``get_cosmology_from_string`` class method in ``default_cosmology``; use ``get`` instead. [15467]

astropy.io.ascii
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Several arguments in functions within ``astropy.io.ascii`` have been deprecated and
are either renamed or scheduled to be removed.

``read()``:
- ``Reader`` will be removed. Instead supply the equivalent ``format`` argument.
- ``Inputter`` has been renamed to ``inputter_cls``.
- ``Outputter`` has been renamed to ``outputter_cls``.

``get_reader()``:
- ``Reader`` has been renamed to ``reader_cls``.
- ``Inputter`` has been renamed to ``inputter_cls``.
- ``Outputter`` has been renamed to ``outputter_cls``.

``write()``:
- ``Writer`` will be removed. Instead supply the equivalent ``format`` argument.

``get_writer()``:
- ``Writer`` has been renamed to ``writer_cls``. [14914]

- Removed deprecated ``astropy.io.ascii.tests.common.raises`` test helper; use ``pytest.raises`` instead. [15470]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Deprecate ``_ExtensionHDU`` and ``_NonstandardExtHDU`` (use ``ExtensionHDU`` or
``NonstandardExtHDU`` instead). [15396]

- Remove special handling of TCTYP TCUNI TCRPX TCRVL TCDLT TRPOS (7157). [15396]

- Rename and deprecate ``TableHDU.update`` to ``TableHDU.update_header``, for
consistency with ``ImageHDU``. [15396]

astropy.io.misc
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated ``astropy.io.misc.asdf`` subpackage. Use ``asdf-astropy`` package instead. [14668]

- ``fnunpickle`` and ``fnpickle`` are deprecated because they are not used anywhere within ``astropy``.
If you must, use the module from Python standard library but be advised that pickle is insecure
so you should only unpickle data that you trust. [15418]

astropy.io.votable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated ``pedantic`` option from the
``astropy.io.votable.table.parse()`` function and the corresponding configuration
setting. Use the ``verify`` option instead. [14669]

- Class ``astropy.io.votable.tree.Table`` has been renamed to ``TableElement``
to avoid sharing the name with ``astropy.table.Table``. [15372]

- Fully removed support for version = '1.0' on ``VOTableFile__init__()`` and changed its tests to check correctly.
It was raising a ``DeprecationWarning`` and now is raising a ``ValueError``. [15490]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed the ``AliasDict`` class from ``modeling.utils``. [12943]

- Creating a model instance with parameters that have incompatible shapes will
now raise a ``ValueError`` rather than an ``IncompatibleShapeError``. [15209]

- Removal of deprecated code ``_model_to_fit_params`` and ``_fitter_to_model_params`` from ``fitting.py``. [15461]

astropy.stats
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The ``BoxLeastSquares``, ``BoxLeastSquaresResults`` and ``LombScargle`` classes
are not available from ``astropy.stats`` anymore, they are now available only
from ``astropy.timeseries``. [15530]

astropy.tests
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated deprecation, warning, and exception handling functionality provided by ``astropy.tests.helper``. [14670]

- ``astropy.tests.command.FixRemoteDataOption`` and ``astropy.tests.command.AstropyTest`` are deprecated.
They are no longer necessary after sunsetting ``astropy-helpers``. [15204]

astropy.time
^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``Time`` has switched to use ``Masked`` arrays internally, instead of
indicating masked values using NaN in the internal ``jd2`` attribute. As a
result, any output from instances, such as one gets with, say, the ``.isot``
format, will also use ``Masked`` by default.

For backwards compatibility, a new configuration item,
``astropy.time.conf.masked_array_type`` is introduced which is set to
"astropy" by default (which indicates one wants to use ``Masked``), but can
also be set to "numpy", in which case ``numpy.ma.MaskedArray`` will be used
where possible (essentially, for all but ``Quantity``). [15231]

- Changed the ``TimeDelta`` init signature to be consistent with that of ``Time``.
Previously the argument order was ``val, val2, format, scale, copy``. Now the order is
``val, val2, format, scale, *, precision, in_subfmt, out_subfmt, copy``, where the
arguments after the ``*`` must be specified by keyword. [15264]

astropy.timeseries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated ``midpoint_epoch`` in ``fold`` function; use ``epoch_time`` instead. [15462]

astropy.uncertainty
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The ``.dtype`` attribute exposed by ``Distribution`` is now that of
the samples, rather than one that has a "samples" entry. This makes
quantities with structured data types and units easier to support, and
generally makes the ``Distribution`` appear more similar to regular
arrays. It should have little effect on code. For instance,
``distribution["samples"]`` still will return the actual distribution.

As a consequence of this refactoring, most arrays that are not
C-contiguous can now be viewed and will thus not be copied on input
any more. The only exceptions are arrays for which the strides are
negative.

Note that the true data type is considered an implementation detail.
But for reference, it now is a structured data type with a single
field, "samples", which itself is an array of "sample" fields, which
contain the actual data. [15304]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Like ``np.ndarray``, under numpy 2.0 ``Quantity`` and all its subclasses
(``Angle``, ``Masked``, etc.) will no longer support the ``.ptp()`` method.
Use ``np.ptp(...)`` instead.

Similarly, support for the much less frequently used ``.newbyteorder()`` and
``.itemset()`` methods has been removed. [15378]

- The following deprecated functionality has been removed:

* ``littleh`` unit and ``with_H0`` equivalency. They are still available from
``cosmology.units``.
* ``brightness_temperature`` equivalency no longer automatically swaps the
order of its arguments if it does not match the expectation.
* ``PhysicalType`` no longer supports ``str`` methods and attributes. [15514]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated ``OrderedDescriptor``, ``OrderedDescriptorContainer``, and ``set_locale`` in ``astropy.utils.misc``. [14679]

- ``is_path_hidden()`` and ``walk_skip_hidden()`` are deprecated. [14759]

- The structure of ``utils.metadata`` has been refactored, but all the available
functions and classes are still present and should be imported as before. [15166]

- The ``astropy.utils.metadata.MetaData`` class, which is used throughout astropy
to carry metadata on tables, columns, etc., can now also be used on dataclasses.

When accessing the meta attribute on a class ``astropy.utils.metadata.MetaData``
now returns None instead of itself. [15237]

- The ``astropy.utils.metadata.MetaData`` class, which is used throughout astropy
to carry metadata on tables, columns, etc., can now also be used on frozen dataclasses. [15404]

- Removed deprecated ``version_path`` in ``minversion`` function; it is no longer used. [15468]

astropy.visualization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The ``bboxes``, ``ticklabels_bbox``, and ``tick_out_size`` arguments to ``astropy.visualization.wcaxes.ticklabels.TickLabels.draw()`` now have no effect and are deprecated.
This is to allow rasterized ticks to be drawn correctly on WCSAxes. [14760]

- It is now not possible to pass any keyword arguments to ``astropy.visualization.wcsaxes.WCSAxes.draw()``.
Previously passing any keyword arguments would have errored anyway, as ``matplotlib.axes.Axes.draw()`` does not accept keyword arguments. [14772]

- Deprecated the ``exp`` attribute in the ``LogStretch``,
``InvertedLogStretch``, ``PowerDistStretch``, and
``InvertedPowerDistStretch`` stretch classes, and the ``power``
attribute in the ``PowerStretch``. Instead, use the ``a`` attribute,
which matches the input keyword. [15538]

- Removed the maximum value of the ``a`` parameter in the ``AsinhStretch``
and ``SinhStretch`` stretch classes. [15539]

astropy.wcs
^^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed deprecated ``accuracy`` from ``all_world2pix`` method in ``WCS``; use ``tolerance`` instead. [15464]

- ``NoConvergence`` no longer accepts arbitrary keyword arguments. [15504]


Bug Fixes
---------

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fixed minor bug when getting solar system positions of objects from Type 3 SPICE kernel files. [15612]

astropy.cosmology
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The exponent in ``w0wzCDM.de_density_scale`` has been corrected to 3, from -3.
This correction has also been made to the scalar ``inv_efunc`` cpython functions. [14991]

- ``pandas.Series`` are now uniformly converted to their underlying data type when given
as an argument to a Cosmology method. [15600]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Reading a table from FITS now respects the TNULL property of a column, passing
it into the column's ``fill_value``. [14723]

- Fix crash when a PrimaryHDU has a GROUPS keyword with a non-boolean value (i.e.
not a random-groups HDU). [14998]

- Fixed a bug that caused ``Cutout2D`` to not work correctly with ``CompImageHDU.section`` [14999]

- Fixed a bug that caused compressed images with TFORM missing the optional '1' prefix to not be readable. [15001]

- Ensure that tables written to FITS with both masked and unmasked columns
roundtrip properly (previously, all integer columns would become masked
if any column was masked). [15473]

- Fix segfault with error report in tile decompression. [15489]

astropy.io.votable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Output of ``repr`` for VOTable instance now clearly shows it is a VOTable and not generic astropy Table. [14702]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- All models can be pickled now. [14902]

astropy.nddata
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Restore bitmask propagation behavior in ``NDData.mask``, plus a fix
for arithmetic between masked and unmasked ``NDData`` objects. [14995]

astropy.table
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``Table.as_array`` now respects the ``fill_value`` property of masked columns. [14723]

- Fix a bug where table indexes were not using a stable sort order. This was causing the
order of rows within groups to not match the original table order when an indexed table
was grouped. [14907]

- Fixed issue 14964 that when grouping a Table on a mixin column such as ``Quantity`` or
``Time``, the grouped table keys did not reflect the original column values. For
``Quantity`` this meant that the key values were pure float values without the unit,
while for ``Time`` the key values were the pair of ``jd1`` and ``jd2`` float values. [14966]

astropy.time
^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Ensure that the ``Time`` caches of formats and scales do not get out
of sync with the actual data, even if another instance, holding a view
of the data is written to. E.g., if one does ``t01 = t[:2]``, and
sets ``t[0]`` after, it is now guaranteed that ``t01.value`` will
correctly reflect that change in value. [15453]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- In VOunits, "pix", "au", "a", and "ct" are removed from the list of deprecated units. [14885]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Ufuncs with more than 2 operands (such as ``erfa.dtf2d``) now work
also if all inputs are scalars and more than two inputs have masks. [15450]

- Ensured that ``str(masked_array)`` looks like ``str(unmasked_array)`` also for
array scalars. Thus, like regular array scalars, the precision is ignored for
float, and strings do not include extra quoting. [15451]

astropy.visualization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The location of ticklabels on a WCSAxes is now correctly calculated when the figure is rasterized. [14760]

- Fixed a bug where a ``ValueError`` would be raised in the
``AsinhStretch`` and ``SinhStretch`` classes for valid ``a`` parameter
values. [15539]

astropy.wcs
^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``wcs.validate(filename)`` now properly closes the file handler. [15054]

- Fix a regression in custom WCS mapping due to the recent introduction of
Solar System frames. [15630]


Other Changes and Additions
---------------------------

- The minimum supported version of NumPy is now 1.22. [15006]

- Moved International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems (IERS) and Leap Second
files out into standalone astropy-iers-data package, maintaining full
backward-compatibility in the ``astropy.utils.iers`` API. Deprecation
warnings may be issued when certain files are accessed directly. [14819]

- Switch from using ``setup.cfg`` for project configuration to using ``pyproject.toml``. [15247]

- Update bundled expat to 2.5.0. [15585]

5.3.4

==========================

Bug Fixes
---------

astropy.io.misc
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Updated ``astropy.io.misc.yaml`` so ``dump()` with a numpy object array or
``load()`` with YAML representing a Numpy object array both raise
``TypeError``. This prevents problems like a segmentation fault. [15373]

astropy.io.votable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fixed a bug in ``convert_to_writable_filelike`` where ``GzipFile`` was not
closed properly. [15359]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- In VOUnit, the spaces around the slash were removed in the formatting of
fractions, and fractional powers now also use the "**" operator. [15282]

- We now ensure that the unit ``u.cgs.cm`` is just an alias of ``u.si.cm``,
instead of a redefinition. This ensures that ``u.Unit("cm") / u.cm``
will reliably cancel to dimensionless (instead of some "cm / cm"). [15368]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- For ``Masked``, ``np.ptp`` and the ``.ptp()`` method now properly account for
the mask, ensuring the result is identical to subtracting the maximum and
minimum (with the same arguments). [15380]

Other Changes and Additions
---------------------------

- Compatibility with Python 3.12. [14784]

- Replaced the URL of ``IETF_LEAP_SECOND_URL`` because the original is now
defunct and IETF now defers to IANA for such look-up. [15421]

5.3.3

===========================

Bug Fixes
---------

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``TransformGraph.to_dot_graph()`` now throws an exception for invalid ``savelayout``.

astropy.cosmology
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The exponent of ``w0wzCDM`` functions in ``inv_efunc`` has been corrected to 3, from -3. [15224]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Astropy modeling can filter non-finite data values using the ``filter_non_finite``
keyword argument in a fitter call. Now when ``filter_non_finite`` is True,
non-finite *weights* will also be filtered to prevent crashes in ``LevMarLSQFitter``. [15215]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fixed ``astropy.units.Quantity``'s implementation of ``numpy.nanmedian()``,
where for Numpy >= 1.25 an exception was raised for some array shapes and axis
combinations. [15228]


Other Changes and Additions
---------------------------

- v5.3.x will not support NumPy 2.0 or later. [15234]

5.3.2

Not secure
==========================

Bug Fixes
---------

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fixed import when called with Python ``-OO`` flag. [15037]

astropy.nddata
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fix for collapse operations on ``NDData`` without masks or units. [15082]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Modified the implementation of ``np.power()`` for instances of ``Quantity`` to
allow any array as the second operand if all its elements have the same value. [15101]

5.3.1

Not secure
==========================

Bug Fixes
---------

astropy.cosmology
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The exponent in ``wowzCDM.de_density_scale`` has been corrected to 3, from -3. [14991]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fix crash when a PrimaryHDU has a GROUPS keyword with a non-boolean value (i.e.
not a random-groups HDU). [14998]

- Fixed a bug that caused ``Cutout2D`` to not work correctly with ``CompImageHDU.section`` [14999]

- Fixed a bug that caused compressed images with TFORM missing the optional '1' prefix to not be readable. [15001]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- All models can be pickled now. [14902]

astropy.nddata
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Restore bitmask propagation behavior in ``NDData.mask``, plus a fix
for arithmetic between masked and unmasked ``NDData`` objects. [14995]

astropy.table
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fix a bug where table indexes were not using a stable sort order. This was causing the
order of rows within groups to not match the original table order when an indexed table
was grouped. [14907]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- In VOunits, "pix", "au", "a", and "ct" are removed from the list of deprecated units. [14885]

5.3

Not secure
========================

New Features
------------

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add optional parameter ``refresh_cache`` to ``EarthLocation.of_site()`` and
``EarthLocation.get_site_names()`` to force the download of the latest site
registry. [13993]

- Added ``atol`` argument to function ``is_O3`` and ``is_rotation`` in matrix utilities. [14371]

- A new class ``astropy.coordinates.StokesCoord`` has been added to represent world coordinates describing polarization state.
This change introduces a breaking change to the return value of ``astropy.wcs.WCS.pixel_to_world`` where before a ``u.Quantity`` object would be returned containing numerical values representing a Stokes profile now a ``StokesCoord`` object is returned. The previous numerical values can be accessed with ``StokesCoord.value``. [14482]

- Add an optional parameter ``location`` to ``EarthLocation.get_itrs()``
to allow the generation of topocentric ITRS coordinates with respect
to a specific location. [14628]

astropy.cosmology
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Two new cosmologies have been added, ``FlatwpwaCDM`` and ``Flatw0wzCDM``, which are the
flat variants of ``wpwaCDM`` and ``w0wzCDM``, respectively. [12353]

astropy.io.ascii
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add ability to read and write an RST (reStructuredText) ASCII table that
includes additional header rows specifying any or all of the column dtype, unit,
format, and description. This is available via the new ``header_rows`` keyword
argument. [14182]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Added support for >3D data in CompImageHDU [14252]

- Added a ``CompImageHDU.section`` property which can be used to
efficiently access subsets of the data, similarly to ``ImageHDU.section``.
When using this, only the tiles required to cover the section are
read from disk and decompressed. [14353]

- Added support for ``'NOCOMPRESS'`` for the ``compression_type`` option in ``CompImageHDU``. [14408]

- Added new properties ``compression_type`` and ``tile_shape`` on
``CompImageHDU``, giving the name of the compression algorithm
and the shape of the tiles in the tiled compression respectively. [14428]

- Do not call ``gc.collect()`` when closing a ``CompImageHDU`` object as it has a
large performance penalty. [14576]

- VLA tables can now be written with the unified I/O interface.
When object types are present or the VLA contains different types a `TypeError`
is thrown. [14578]

astropy.io.misc
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add support for writing/reading fixed-size and variable-length array columns to the parquet formatter. [14237]

astropy.io.votable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Added a method ``get_infos_by_name`` to make it easier to implement
DALI-compliant protocols [14212]

- Updating the built-in UCD list to upstream 1.5 (which requires a minor
update to the parser) [14554]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Enable check for poorly conditioned fits in ``LinearLSQFitter`` for polynomial
models with fixed inputs. [14037]

astropy.nddata
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``astropy.nddata.NDDataArray`` now has collapsing methods like ``sum``,
``mean``, ``min``, and ``max`` which operate along any axes, and better
support for ``astropy.utils.Masked`` objects. [14175]

astropy.stats
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``vonmisesmle`` has now functioning "weights" and "axis" parameters that work equivalently
to the rest of the functions in the ``circstats`` module (``circmean``, ``rayleightest``, etc.) [14533]

astropy.table
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``Table`` and ``QTable`` can now use the ``|`` and ``|=`` operators for
dictionary-style merge and update. [14187]

astropy.time
^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add a ``leap_second_strict`` argument to the ``Time.to_datetime()`` method. This
controls the behavior when converting a time within a leap second to the ``datetime``
format and can take the values ``raise`` (the default), ``warn``, or ``silent``. [14606]

astropy.timeseries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Adds the ``astropy.timeseries.LombScargleMultiband`` class, which is an
extension of the ``astropy.timeseries.LombScargle`` class. It enables the
generation of periodograms for datasets with measurements taken in more than
one photometric band. [14016]

- Add ``unit_parse_strict`` parameter to the Kepler reader to control the warnings
emitted when reading files. [14294]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Add support for degrees Celsius for FITS. Parsing "Celsius" and "deg C" is now
supported and astropy will output "Celsius" into FITS.

Note that "deg C" is only provided for compatibility with existing FITS files,
as it does not conform to the normal unit standard, where this should be read
as "degree * Coulomb". Indeed, compound units like "deg C kg-1" will still be
parsed as "Coulomb degree per kilogram". [14042]

- Enabled the ``equal_nan`` keyword argument for ``np.array_equal()`` when the
arguments are ``astropy.units.Quantity`` instances. [14135]

- Allow "console" and "unicode" formats for conversion to string of
function units. [14407]

- Add a "fraction" options to all the unit ``format`` classes, which determine
whether, if a unit has bases raised to a negative power, a string
representation should just show the negative powers (``fraction=False``) or
use a fraction, and, in the latter case, whether to use a single-line
representation using a solidus (``fraction='inline'`` or ``fraction=True``)
or, if the format supports it, a multi-line presentation with the numerator
and denominator separated by a horizontal line (``fraction='multiline'``). [14449]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The ``mean`` method on ``NDDataArray`` now avoids a division by zero
warning when taking the mean of a fully-masked slice (and still
returns ``np.nan``). [14341]

- Ensure we can read the newer ``IERS_B`` files produced by the International
Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, and point
``astropy.utils.iers.IERS_B_URL`` to the new location. [14382]


API Changes
-----------

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``get_moon()`` is deprecated and may be removed in a future version of
``astropy``. Calling ``get_moon(...)`` should be replaced with
``get_body("moon", ...)``. [14354]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Deprecate the auto-fixing of tile sizes for HCOMPRESS_1 tiled
image compression when the tile size could be changed by +1
to make it acceptable. [14410]

- The ``tile_size=`` argument to ``CompImageHDU`` has been deprecated
as it was confusing that it was required to be in the opposite
order to the data shape (it was in header rather than Numpy order).
Instead, users should make use of the ``tile_shape=`` argument which
is in Numpy shape order. [14428]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Deprecate the ``humlicek2`` method for `~astropy.modeling.functional_models.Voigt1D` in favor
of using the ``wofz`` method using the `scipy.special.wofz` implementation of the
Fadeeva function whenever `scipy` is installed. [14013]

- Deprecated ``astropy.modeling.utils.comb()`` function in favor of ``comb()``
from ``math`` standard library. [14038]

- Propagate measurement uncertainties via the ``weights`` keyword argument into the
parameter covariances. [14519]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The conversion of ``astropy.units.Quantity`` to ``bool``
that was deprecated since astropy 3.0 now raises a ``ValueError``.
This affects statements like ``if quantity``.
Use explicit comparisons like ``if quantity.value != 0``
or ``if quantity is not None`` instead. [14124]

- Operations on ``Quantity`` in tables are sped up by only copying ``info`` when
it makes sense (i.e., when the object can still logically be thought of as the
same, such as in unit changes or slicing). ``info`` is no longer copied if a
``Quantity`` is part of an operation. [14253]

- The ``Quantity.nansum`` method has been deprecated. It was always weird that it
was present, since ``ndarray`` does not have a similar method, and the other
``nan*`` functions such as ``nanmean`` did not have a corresponding method.
Use ``np.nansum(quantity)`` instead. [14267]

- The unused ``units.format.Unscaled`` format class has been deprecated. [14417]

- The order in which unit bases are displayed has been changed to match the
order bases are stored in internally, which is by descending power to which
the base is raised, and alphabetical after. This helps avoid monstrosities
like ``beam^-1 Jy`` for ``format='fits'``.

Note that this may affect doctests that use quantities with complicated units. [14439]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- For ``Masked`` instances, the ``where`` argument for any ufunc can now
also be masked (with any masked elements masked in the output as well).
This is not very useful in itself, but avoids problems in conditional
functions (like ``np.add(ma, 1, where=ma>10)``). [14590]

astropy.visualization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The pixel attribute of ``astropy.visualization.wcsaxes.frame.Spine`` is deprecated
and will be removed in a future astropy version.
Because it is (in general) not possible to correctly calculate pixel
coordinates before Matplotlib is drawing a figure, instead set the world or data
coordinates of the ``Spine`` using the appropriate setters. [13989]

- Passing a bare number as the ``coord_wrap`` argument to ``CoordinateHelper.set_coord_type`` is deprecated.
Pass a ``Quantity`` with units equivalent to angular degrees instead.

The ``.coord_wrap`` attribute of ``CoordinateHelper`` is now a ``Quantity`` instead of a bare number. [14050]


Bug Fixes
---------

astropy.coordinates
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``Angle.to_string()`` was changed to ensure it matches the behaviour of
``Quantity.to_string()`` in having a space between the value and the unit
for display with non-degree and hourangle units (i.e., the case in which
units are displayed by their name; the sexagesimal case for degrees or
hourangle that uses symbols is not changed). [14379]

astropy.io.ascii
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fix an issue in the ``io.ascii`` QDP format reader to allow lower-case commands in the
table data file. Previously it required all upper case in order to parse QDP files. [14365]

astropy.io.fits
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Compressing/decompressing a floating point dataset containing NaN values will
no longer read in the whole tile as NaNs.

Fixed segmentation faults that occurred when compressing/decompressing data
with the PLIO_1 algorithm. [14252]

- ``Card`` now uses the default Python representation for floating point
values. [14508]

- ``ImageHDU`` now properly rejects Numpy scalars, avoiding data corruption. [14528]

- Fix issues with double quotes in CONTINUE cards. [14598]

- Fixes an issue where FITS_rec was incorrectly raising a ValueError exception when the heapsize was greater than 2**31
when the Column type was 'Q' instead of 'P'. [14810]

astropy.io.misc
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Columns with big-endian byte ordering (such as those read in from a FITS table) can now be serialized with Parquet. [14373]

astropy.modeling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Bugfix for using ``getter/setter`` in properties to adjust the internal (computational)
value of a property vs its external proxy value when the values involve units. [14512]

- Fix issue with ``filter_non_finite`` option when fitting with ``weights`` via passing
the ``weights`` through the non-finite-filter alongside the input data. [14695]

- Fixed an issue with Parameter where a getter could be input without a
setter (or vice versa). [14708]

astropy.time
^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Using quantities with units of time for ``Time`` format 'decimalyear' will now
raise an error instead of converting the quantity to days and then
interpreting the value as years. An error is raised instead of attempting to
interpret the unit as years, since the interpretation is ambiguous: in
'decimaltime' years are equal to 365 or 366 days, while for regular time units
the year is defined as 365.25 days. [14566]

astropy.uncertainty
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Ensure that ``Distribution`` can be compared with ``==`` and ``!=``
with regular arrays or scalars, and that inplace operations like
``dist[dist<0] *= -1`` work. [14421]

astropy.units
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Modified ``astropy.units.Quantity.__array_ufunc__()`` to return ``NotImplemented`` instead of raising a ``ValueError`` if the inputs are incompatible. [13977]

- Modified the behavior of ``numpy.array_equal()`` and ``numpy.array_equiv()`` to
return ``False`` instead of raising an error if their arguments are
``astropy.units.Quantity`` instances with incompatible units. [14163]

- Spaces have been regularized for the ``unicode`` and ``console`` output
formats: no extraneous spaces in front of the unit, and always a space
between a possible scale factor and the unit. [14413]

- Prefixed degrees and arcmin are now typeset without using the symbol in
``latex`` and ``unicode`` formats (i.e., ``mdeg`` instead of ``m°``),
as was already the case for arcsec. [14419]

- Ensure the unit is kept in ``np.median`` even if the result is a scalar ``nan``
(the unit was lost for numpy < 1.22). [14635]

- Ensure that ``Quantity`` with structured dtype can be set using non-structured
``Quantity`` (if units match), and that structured dtype names are inferred
correctly in the creation of ``StructuredUnit``, thus avoiding mismatches
when setting units. [14680]

astropy.utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- When using astropy in environments with sparse file systems (e.g., where the temporary directory and astropy data directory resides in different volumes), ``os.rename`` may fail with ``OSError: [Errno 18] Invalid cross-device link``.
This may affect some clean-up operations executed by the ``data`` module, causing them to fail.
This patch is to catch ``OSError`` with ``errno == EXDEV`` (i.e., Errno 18) when performing these operations and try to use ``shutil.move`` instead to relocate the data. [13730]

- Ensure masks are propagated correctly for ``outer`` methods of ufuncs also if
one of the inputs is not actually masked. [14624]

astropy.visualization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The location of a ``astropy.visualization.wcsaxes.frame.Spine`` in a plot is now
correctly calculated when the DPI of a figure changes between a WCSAxes being
created and the figure being drawn. [13989]

- ``CoordinateHelper.set_ticks()`` now accepts ``number=0``. Previously it errored. [14160]

- ``WCSAxes.plot_coord`` and ``plot_scatter`` now work correctly for APE 14 compliant WCSes where the units are not always converted to degrees. [14251]

- Fixed a bug where coordinate overlays did not automatically determine the
longitude wrap angle or the appropriate units. [14326]

astropy.wcs
^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fix bugs with high-level WCS API on ``wcs.WCS`` object when using ``-TAB``
coordinates. [13571]

- Fixed a bug in how WCS handles ``PVi_ja`` header coefficients when ``CTYPE``
has ``-SIP`` suffix and in how code detects TPV distortions. [14295]


Other Changes and Additions
---------------------------

- The minimum supported version of Python is now 3.9, changing from 3.8. [14286]

- The minimum supported version of Numpy is now 1.21. [14349]

- The minimum supported version of matplotlib is now 3.3. [14286, 14321]

- ``astropy`` no longer publishes wheels for i686 architecture. [14517]

- Added a pre-commit configuration for codespell. [13985]

- Removed a large fraction of the bundled CFITSIO code and internally refactored
FITS compression-related code, which has resulted in a speedup when compiling
astropy from source (40% faster in some cases). [14252]

- The CFITSIO library is no longer bundled in full with astropy and
the option to build against an external installation of CFITSIO
has now been removed, so the ASTROPY_USE_SYSTEM_CFITSIO environment
variable will be ignored during building. [14311]

- Updated CDS URL for Sesame look-up as the old URL is deprecated. [14681]

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